History of Microbiology 3

Let us study the Last era i.e. the Post-Golden Era in the history of Microbiology as well as Biocomplexity today-

 Post-Golden Era- 
  • 20th century
  • Rapid development in microbial information
  • This was the modern era of Microbiology
Development of Various streams of Microbiology

  • Louis Pasteur  and Robert Koch worked significantly and discovered how pathogens infect and vaccination against the same were discovered.
  • They led to extensive developments in Applied Microbiology, immunology and medical microbiology.
  • Beijerinck led to significant discoveries in Agricultural Microbiology and was the one to discover first Virus.
  • George Beadle and Edward Tatum succeeded in isolating mutants of Neurospora.
  • Further experiments in Genetics and molecular microbiology were carried out by Avery, McLeod and McCarty.
  • Later on Watson and crick and others elaborated the structure of DNA chemically. 
  • Further M.Nirenberg ,Hargobind Khurana R.W.Holly etc added great deal of information.
  • W.Gilbert developed the E.Coli strain which contains the information of insulin synthesis.
Image result for Ecoli

Louis Pasteur-

  • He discovered parasites causing pebrine disease of silk worm.
  • He isolated anthrax causing bacilli from bloods of cattle, sheep and human being.
  • He demonstrated virulence.
  • He developed Vaccine against rabies from the brain and spinal cord of rabbit.
Martinus Willium Beijerinck-
  • Developed the enrichment technique to isolate various groups of bacteria.
  • Isolated sulphur reducing as well as sulphur oxidizing bacteria from the soil.
  • Isolated Azotobacter , free-living nitrogen fixing bacterium, from soil.
  • Root nodulating bacterium i.e. rhizobium, Lactobacills , green algae, etc. were isolated by him.
  • He confirmed that Tobacco Mosaic virus causes disease.
Sergei Winogradsky-
  • Discovered micro-organisms involved in N cycle , S cycle and C cycle.
  • Autotrophic nutrition of bacteria was proven by him.
  • Also discovered the chemolithotrophic nutrition of soil bacterium.
  • Discovered anerobic nitrogen fixing bacterium Clostridium Pasteurianum.
Alexander Fleming-
Image result for alexander fleming
  • Identified penicillium notatum inhibiting staphylococcus aureus
  • Discovered antibiotic penicillin
  • Discovered that some natural substances like saliva and nasal mucus have anti-microbial activity.
Selman A Waksman-
  • Identified Antibiotic Streptomycin from soil bacterium
  • Also identified actinomycin and neomycin with 18 antibiotics in all.
Biocomplexity
  • It refers to the complex interplay between living systems and their environment.
  • It replaces its predecessor 'biodiversity' to place emphasis on the emerging notion that complexity is much more than diversity.
  • Classical examples of biocomplexity include the behavior of molecular motors during DNA Transcription, genetic and metabolic networks within cells, the interacting filaments of the Cytoskeleton, which allow the cell to move, the differentiation, organization and movement of cells during embryonic development, the function of the networks of neurons which compose the brain and the schooling of fish or birds.
Here we complete the history of microbiology.Now we will start with the study of classification and characteristics of microbes from the next time.
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